Medical Reference Publication
1.1 Preamble Although considered to be a lower–middle income country and ranked 69th in the world according to GDP per capita, Costa Rica was included in 1999 among the 35 countries with the highest Human Development Index. This situation could be explained by the existence of a Welfare State and the implementation of social programmes during the second half of the twentieth century. The social reform initiated in 1942 created a public and centralized security system man...
Executive Summary GTB has successfully defined and implemented effective TB control in various countries. The strategy endorsed by GTB, DOTS, is a specialized programme which often operates in parallel to the general health services of a country. In the past, to ensure success of national TB programmes W s ) , TB was looked at and promoted in isolation and, as a result, may have individual donors and technical support agencies which are not always sustainable. While this...
The writer was iirst exvosed to this disease in the 1947 epidemic in Cairo, and a review- of the literature disclosed the paucity of precise information on many aspects of the disease, in particular the absence of conclusive evidence of the extent of the physiological derangement. In fact, there was no quantitative information on (1) the extent of the water and electrolyte loss; (2) the extent of the acidosis; (3) the tonicity of the body fluids in the disease; and (4) ...
1. PROCRESS OF THE NATIONAL MALARIA ERADICATION PROGRAMME OF INDIA A reportron the progress of the National Malaria Eradication Programme in India dated November 1960 has been received from the Health Division of the United States Technical Cooperation Mission to India, New Delhi. It was written by the three consultants, Dr Donald J. Pletsch, Dr F. E. Gartrell and Dr E. Harold Hinman. This review, although naturally applying to India, contains much of value and interest ...
Introduction When the global eradication of wild poliovirus has been attained, a prerequisite for its certification is that plans — and materials — be in place to deal with any future polio outbreaks (1, 2). An initial report on “Stopping a polio outbreak in the post-eradication era” was presented in 1999 and published in 2001 (3). The present paper provides an update of that report, emphasizing recent developments, and calls attention to issues that require consideratio...
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INTRODUCTION Outbreaks of smallpox vary in their severity, and this is influenced by many factors. De Korte in 1904 described a distinct, mild form of variola, which he called amaas, and since then it has become well recognized that there are two epidemiological varieties of smallpox. These are variola major or asiatic smallpox and variola minor or alastrim. They give complete cross innnunity, one against the other and both are prevented by recent vaccination. The princi...
1. INTRODUCTION The attitudes and practices of alcohol use have been undergoing definitive changes in the countries of the South-East Asian Region, more so in the last two decades. The Global Status Report on Alcohol by the World Health Organization (1999) documents that alcohol consumption in the South-East Asia Region is rising. This trend of increasing consumption also needs to be seen in the context of falling consumption patterns in the European Region. It is believ...
Los niveles nacionales de infección por el VIH en Asia son bajos en comparación con algunos otros continentes, en particular África. Pero las poblaciones de muchos países asiáticos son tan grandes que incluso una baja prevalencia nacional supone un gran número de personas que viven con el VIH. Las últimas estimaciones indican que unos 8,2 millones [5,4 -11,8 millones] de personas (2,3 [1,5 millones -3,3 millones] de mujeres adultas) estaban viviendo con el VIH a finales ...
Ce communique contient les inIormations recues par l'Office International d'Hygibne publique en execution de la Convention sanitaire internationale de 1926, directement ou par l'intermediaire des Bureaux suivants, agissant comme Bureaux regionarzx pour I'application de cette Convention: Bureau d'Extreme-Orient de I'Organisation d'hygiene de la Soeiete des Nations, Singapour. Bureau Sanitaire Panambrieain., Washington. Bureau Regional d'lnformations sanita...
Pour etudier si un facteur A augmente le risque de survenue d'une affection B, les ipidemiologistes procPdent souvent comme suit : 1, on choisit un groupe de sujets souffrant de A et un autre groupe qui n'en est pas atteint; 2, on suit ces deux groupes pendant un certain temps afin d'observer qui contracce B; 3 . on compare le taux de B chez les sujecs atteints de A et chez ceux qui n'en souffrent pas ; 4 . si l'on observe un taux plus blev6 de B chez les sujets atteints...
Table 4 Comparison of some orthopoxviruses Under Special antigen ( column1) the entry for Whitepox (rodent) (column 4 ) should .read Var and not .
Foreword The UNDPlWORLD BAMVWHO Special Programme for Research andTraining in Tropical Diseases (TDR) isaglobally coordinatedcfforttobring theresourcesof modern science tobearon thecontrolof major tropical diseases. The Programme has two interdependent objectives: - Tore Gcdal, Director Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases TDR To develop new methods of preventing, diagnosing and Eeating selected tropical diseases, methods that would be applica...
Sufficient variance was found in the differentia1 characteristics of different strains of Brrrcella in 1928 for suggesting that they be divided into three species (Huddleson, 1928). The basis for the division was: (1) differences in growth sensitivity to two groups of dyes, thionin and basic fuchsin, in a suitable concentration in an agar medium, and (2) variations in ability to decompose an organic sulfur conlpound into measurable amounts of hydrogen sulfide when grown ...
Il faut kvaluer quotidiennement l'efficacitk des mesures d'endiguement pendant la pousske kpidkmique et prockder A une kvaluation finale quand celle-ci a pris fin. On disposera ainsi d'une base logique pour organiser des activitks de surveillance postkpidkmique et pour prendre des mesures prkventives en vue d'kviter que des flambkes analogues ne se rkpktent. Dks que la pression des kvknements se sera relQchke, il sera extremement utile de revoir les faits par le dktail, ...
Supportive disciplines Rationale for studying the module Nutrition, like other health disciplines, is founded on scientific rules. This means that the body of knowledge and the related technical or management decisions should be based on the best available facts. Accurate information is, therefore, essential. At the programmatic level, nutrition information needs are expressed in the continuous process of data collection, analysis and dissemination, which is essential fo...
Geneva - In a new report published today, Susceptibility of Plasmodium Falciparum to Antimalarial Drugs, the World Health Organization (WHO) warns that as more and more people gain access to these life-saving malaria medicines-which combine a drug derived from the plant Arfemisia annua with a second, synthetic drug-it is vital that countries closely monitor their effectiveness.
INTRODUCTION From the most recent information obtained by the World Health Organization, it is estimated that 2073 million people (over 40% of the world's population), living in more than 100 countries, are exposed to the risk of malaria and that some 270 million of these are infected with malaria parasites. While the number of cases reported to WHO has been of the order of 5 million annually for the past three years (a total that excludes figures from the WHO African Re...
The dissemination of information and the raising of funds are vital in the struggle to achieve health for all. A useful contribution towards meeting both of these requirements can be made through the imaginative use of postage stamps, cancellations and seals on items of mail. Every year, many billions of items of mail pass through the world's postal systems; every day, postage stamps carrying information, messages or slogans reach a substantial proportion of the global population.
INTRODUCTION The original version of this recommended method was prepared by the World Health Organization within the framework of the Long-term Programme of Pollution Monitoring and Research in the Mediterranean Sea (MED POL Phase II) and issued by the United Nations Environment Programme as Reference Method for Marine Pollution Studies No, 2 within UNEP's Regional Seas Programme Activity Centre's series.